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Rayleigh's damping method

You can use Rayleigh's damping method to define modal viscous damping ratios. Rayleigh's damping method forms a damping matrix, [C], which is proportional to the stiffness and mass matrices, and such that

Equation 1

By transforming the damping into the modal-degree of freedom space, the damping ratio (factors) can be calculated by

Equation 2

The mass and stiffness damping constants, and , are determined by choosing the fractions of critical damping at two different frequencies and solving simultaneous equations for the constants. Thus

Equation 3
Equation 4

where

= the design frequency range (represented by A in the figure)
= damping factors at ω1 and ω2, respectively

The following figure shows the relationship between the fraction of critical damping (y) versus frequency (x), where A represents the frequency range of the design spectrum, B is the contribution made by stiffness-proportional damping, and C is mass-proportional damping.

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Modal hysteretic and viscous damping ratios

Equivalent viscous damping ratio

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Source: https://docs.sw.siemens.com/en-US/doc/289054037/PL20200601120302950.advanced/id631226 · retrieved 2026-07-17